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The following is the translation of the given 'Bahasa' text to 'English' while preserving any html tags: "Scientists have discovered that small aggressive male fish from Indonesia turn black when angry to show their dominance. Dominant male fish in Indonesian species turn black during periods of increased aggression. Their blackening, which appears immediately at the onset of conflict, seems to be a signal of dominance towards other fish."
Jantan Celebes medaka (Oryzias celebensis) with this distinctive black mark is more inclined to attack and less likely to be attacked. To test the conditions in which the male's color becomes darker, researchers prepared three tanks. Two tanks were covered with algae, one of which contained two males and one female, and the other contained three males. The third tank did not contain algae and accommodated two males and one female.
"Changes in Fish Color."
The following is the translation of the text from 'Bahasa' to 'English' while preserving any html tags: "The fish attacked each other in both algae-covered aquariums, but not in the other aquariums. This indicates that some level of protection may be necessary for them to feel secure enough to launch an attack. Although males without dark markings rarely attack males with dark markings, they do attack other males without dark markings and females."
"Females mostly focus their attacks on males without dark markings. Males with dark markings are more inclined to attack females. Attacks on females indicate that the demonstrated dominance may be more caused by access to territory and resources rather than mating rights."
Although researchers did not analyze to determine the mechanism behind color changes, in other fish species similar changes occur through the action of neurotransmitters on pigment-containing cells. When the pigment is concentrated within the cell, its color appears darker. When dispersed, its color appears brighter.
The phenomenon of color change is also observed in other species of fish. In Trinidad guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), the dominant fish's eyes turn black when preparing to attack its opponent.
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