Dream - Ella Kissi-Debrah should have been 19 years old this year. However, unfortunately, 10 years ago she died young due to air pollution in 2013. Air pollution greatly contributed to the death of Ella Kissi-Debrah, a 9-year-old student in London at the time. This is the decision of the coroner's officer in an important case that could push England to be stricter in cleaning up city air. After a two-week coroner's examination, coroner's officer Philip Barlow stated that the death of Ella Kissi-Debrah, who was nine years old in 2013, was caused by acute respiratory failure, severe asthma, and exposure to pollution.

He said air pollution is a "significant contributing factor" that worsens his asthma, and the main source of exposure is traffic emissions. Based on the European Union (EU) law, the annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide should not exceed 40 micrograms per cubic meter of air (ug/m3) - a limit that the UK has exceeded for a decade. The coroner's officer said that Kissi-Debrah's mother, Rosamund, was not informed about the health risks of air pollution; otherwise, she would have taken action to prevent her daughter's death.

The Kissi-Debrah family has pushed for this second examination, arguing that the initial hearing in 2014 failed to consider air pollution as a possible cause of her death. They say there is evidence linking Ella Kissi-Debrah's hospital visits to illegal air pollution near her home in South London. Activists and legal experts say this "historic" decision could prompt the UK government to take a strong stance against air pollution.

"This is a historic decision and breakthrough that shows the harmful impact of air pollution and the urgent need to clean the air we breathe," said Larissa Lockwood, who leads the Global Action Plan's clean air campaign. "We hope this decision will set a new precedent, placing air pollution as a top agenda for decision-makers," she said in a statement. The United Nations said air pollution should be seen as a human rights issue, as it causes 7 million premature deaths each year, including 600,000 children."

"Even with the implemented measures, the capital city is projected to only reach the legal pollution limit by 2025, according to a study conducted by King's College London. The UK announced in November that they will ban the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans starting in 2030, as part of what Prime Minister Boris Johnson called a 'green revolution' to achieve zero emissions by 2050. And, Ella Kissi-Debrah is the first person to have air pollution listed as a cause of death in an examination in the UK."

Air pollution does indeed pose a threat to public health, especially for children. According to the UN Environment Programme, air pollution is the biggest environmental threat to global public health and contributes to approximately 7 million premature deaths each year. Children are particularly at risk from the effects of air pollution because their lungs are still developing and very active, leading them to inhale a lot of air. Not only does air pollution cause coughing, colds, or shortness of breath, but it can also pose even more severe risks.

Vehicle emissions, oil and natural gas for heating homes, by-products from manufacturing and power generation, especially coal-fired power plants, and smoke from chemical production are the main sources of air pollution caused by humans. Nature releases harmful substances into the air, such as smoke from forest fires, which are often caused by humans; ash and gas from volcanic eruptions; and gases, such as methane, produced from the decomposition of organic matter in the soil.

Air Pollution Related to Traffic (TRAP), a mixture of gases and particles, contains the majority of air pollutants caused by humans: ground-level ozone, various forms of carbon, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine particles. Ozone, a gas in the atmosphere, is often referred to as smog when it is at ground level. This occurs when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, and other sources react chemically in the presence of sunlight. Harmful gases, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur oxides (SOx), are components of motor vehicle emissions and byproducts of industrial processes.

The text translated to English while preserving the HTML tags is as follows: "Particulate Matter (PM) consists of chemicals such as sulfate, nitrate, carbon, or mineral dust. Emissions from vehicles and industries burning fossil fuels, cigarette smoke, and burning organic materials such as forest fires, all contain PM. Part of PM, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), is 30 times thinner than human hair. It can be inhaled deep into the lung tissues and contribute to serious health problems. PM 2.5 is a major cause of health impacts due to air pollution."

Organic compounds that easily evaporate (Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs) evaporate at or near room temperature—hence, they are called easily evaporating. They are called organic because they contain carbon. VOCs are produced by paint, cleaning agents, pesticides, some furniture, and even craft materials such as glue. Gasoline and natural gas are the main sources of VOCs released during combustion. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. Of the more than 100 PAHs known to be widespread in the environment, 15 of them are listed in the Carcinogen Report. In addition to combustion, many industrial processes, such as the production of iron, steel, rubber, and electricity generation, also produce PAHs as byproducts. PAHs are also found in particles.

When the National Ambient Air Quality Standards were established in 1970, air pollution was considered a threat to respiratory health. In 1993, NIEHS researchers published the Six Cities Study, which found a link between fine particles and mortality. Exposure to air pollution is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in human cells, which may be the cause of chronic diseases and cancer. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) classified air pollution as a human carcinogen.

Fine particles can disrupt blood vessel function and accelerate arterial calcification. NIEHS researchers have established a relationship between short-term daily exposure to nitrogen oxide in postmenopausal women and an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. For some older Americans, exposure to TRAP can lower high-density lipoprotein levels, sometimes referred to as good cholesterol, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Air pollution can affect lung development and have implications for the development of emphysema, asthma, and other respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The increasing prevalence and severity of asthma are associated with urbanization and outdoor air pollution. Children living in low-income urban areas tend to have more cases of asthma compared to other children. Research published in 2023 links two air pollutants, ozone and PM2.5, to asthma-related changes in children's respiratory tract.

The following is the translation of the given 'Bahasa' text to 'English', while preserving any HTML tags: "Higher air pollution levels increase short-term respiratory infections, which cause more school absences. Children who frequently exercise outdoors and live in communities with high ozone levels are more likely to develop asthma. Children who live near busy highways have a higher risk of developing asthma. Children with asthma who are exposed to high levels of air pollution are more likely to experience bronchitis symptoms. Living in communities with higher levels of pollution can cause lung damage."

Researchers funded by NIEHS from the University of California, Davis, Environmental Health Sciences Center are conducting the Bio-Specimen and Fire Effects Study (B-SAFE). Inhaling PM 2.5, even at relatively low levels, can alter the size of a developing child's brain, which ultimately increases the risk of cognitive and emotional problems in adolescence. Prenatal exposure to PAH is associated with brain development effects, slower processing speed, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other neurobehavioral problems in urban youth.

In New York City, exposure to air pollution before giving birth may play a role in ADHD-related behavioral issues in childhood. Exposure to particulate matter during prenatal period is associated with low birth weight. Women who are exposed to high levels of fine particles during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, may have twice the risk of having autistic children. Exposure to PM 2.5 in the second and third trimesters may increase the likelihood of these children suffering from high blood pressure early in life. In California's San Joaquin Valley agriculture area, women who are exposed to high levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, or nitrogen dioxide during the first 8 weeks of their pregnancy are more likely to have babies with neural tube defects.

The following is the translation of the given 'Bahasa' text to 'English' while preserving any html tags: "Alzheimer's disease and related dementia are a public health challenge for the elderly population. Researchers funded by NIEHS at the University of Washington have identified a link between air pollution and dementia. This well-conducted study adds further evidence that fine particles in the air increase the risk of dementia. Conversely, a multi-year study published in 2022 showed that improved air quality is associated with a decrease in the risk of dementia in elderly women. The researchers also stated that this decrease in dementia risk is equivalent to a reduction of almost 2 1/2 years in the age of the women studied."

Air pollution is associated with a greater chance of developing several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias. Hospital admission data from 63 million older adults in the US, collected over a period of 17 years (2000-2016), were analyzed together with estimated PM 2.5 concentration to conduct the study. In older adults, long-term exposure to TRAP can significantly accelerate physical disability. This risk is greater in minority racial groups and low-income communities.